The Patriot Movie Free Essays

The Patriot Movie The Patriot film has been an extraordinary film. All the scenes were unbelievable and others were crushing. Watching this history film has gotten one of my preferred motion pictures with the scenes that I have picked. We will compose a custom article test on The Patriot Movie or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now My first scene I picked was really an exceptionally miserable piece of the film. It was when Benjamins second most seasoned child was shot by one of the British brutal pioneers. He was executed in light of the fact that he was attempting to free his most established child Gabriel and was shot. From that point forward, Benjamin became disturbed on the grounds that the British head wound up requesting to execute the injured American’s and torched his home. He got his children, the firearms and followed them to get his most established child. They wound up murdering all the warriors and ensured they all kicked the bucket and wound up liberating his child from getting executed. The response I got from this piece of the film was stunning that they would murder a child and torch an entire house. It’s additionally stunning that they were permitted to do all that. What I enjoyed about it however was that he pursued his child and couldn't have cared less about what he needed to do, he simply needed to choose it and follow it. The second scene I picked was when Gabriel went to the congregation and attempted to request individuals to join. At the congregation the minister requested him to leave and was attempting to make him leave however he wouldn’t. Anne, his future spouse winds up helping him and persuades everybody to allow him to talk and began discussing how everybody is continually looking at helping, autonomy and opportunity. That they should follow up on what they accept and help. After all that I like that he inquired as to whether he can keep in touch with her while he is at war. My response to this was fascinating how she safeguarded him and really helped him get the people’s consideration. How she talked up to everybody and exactly what was her feeling and what she thought was correct. I just felt it was correct and that she utilized her ability to speak freely and made some noise The third scene I have picked was when Benjamin deceived the warriors and took his back by conversing with the British officer. Tavington got extremely furious and got some answers concerning 7 warriors homes and followed Benjamins family. His family wound up seeing and stowed away, a portion of the American troopers appeared and took his family while others battled the remainder of the British fighters. At this point I was truly keen on this part and was happy that they wound up stowing away. I was stunned the majority of the film however this part was another fundamental one. It was stunning when I was anticipating that them should get one of his more youthful children under the table. The fourth scene would be when Gabriel’s spouse returns home after their marriage and appears at the British warriors assembling her entire town in a sanctuary. The warriors secured them and consumed it. Later on Gabriel proceeded to discover everything and couldn't discover his better half so he followed Tavington and wound up getting murdered by him. I felt so miserable when this occurred. I was sure from the outset, upbeat that Tavington was getting murdered until he pivoted and wounded Gabriel. A Very disillusioning inclination and stunned again. The last and fifth scene was the point at which they were all battling against one another. Furthermore, the greater part of his nearby warriors were dieing and when he discovered Tavington they got into a major battle. Tavington nearly murdered Benjamin, however Benjamin wound up exchanging it around. I realized it was going to end in a positive manner however at that point I was only inquisitive of what else could of occurred. I didn’t feel that Benjamin would escape that demise and it stunned me the most. Exceptionally stunning film. My response to this entire film was a great deal of wound emotions. It was an extremely pitiful, stunning film and I couldn’t truly anticipate on what might occur straightaway. It must be one of my preferred war films and I’m happy I watched it. I would prescribe it to somebody who was in a history class to watch it. I’m happy it finished in a decent note and was simply astonished in all the curved things it had and was simply frustrated on who didn't make it as far as possible. A decent film, with a decent end. The most effective method to refer to The Patriot Movie, Papers

Carl Gustav Jung Essay Example for Free (#2)

Carl Gustav Jung Essay Pick refer to design: APA MLA Harvard Chicago ASA IEEE AMA Carl Gustav Jung, (26 July 1875 †6 June 1961), was a Swiss therapist and specialist, and the originator of logical brain research. His work and impact expands route past getting character, and he is viewed as perhaps the best scholar to have hypothesized about existence and how individuals identify with it. Be that as it may, with the end goal of this task I will focus on Jung’s hypothesis of Psychological Types. In this exposition I expect to exhibit a comprehension of Jung’s character types by depicting and assessing his hypothesis and to show how they may valuable in helping an advisor to decide restorative objectives. Jung (1990, p.531) states that’ from most punctual occasions, endeavors have been made to arrange people as per types, thus carry request to the mayhem. The most established endeavors known to us were made by oriental celestial prophets who concocted the alleged trigons of the four components †air, water, earth, and fire. The air trigon in the horoscope comprises of the three ethereal indications of the zodiac, Aquarius, Gemini, Libra; the fire trigon is comprised of Aries, Leo, Sagittarius. As indicated by this well established view, whoever is conceived in these trigons partakes in their aeronautical or red hot nature and will have a comparing disposition and fate.‘ In a similar section, Jung expresses that ‘the mysterious sort hypothesis, to the awe of the illuminated, despite everything stays flawless today,’ which is valid. Firmly associated with the mysterious kind hypothesis is the division into the four dispositions which relates to the four humors (Jung, 1990, p.531). A Greek doctor, Claudius Galen (AD130 †200), recognized four fundamental personalities: the energetic, the apathetic, the irritable, and the melancholic. Galen’s hypothesis returns to the antiquated Greek doctor Hippocrates’ (460 †370BC), who portrayed physical sickness as being brought about by the equalization of organic liquids, or humors as he named them’ (Maltby, et al, 2007, p.159). These natural liquids are blood, dark bile, yellow bile, and mucus. Galen developed Hippocrates’ hypothesis and applied it to depict human character, expressing that when the humors were in balance, an impartial demeanor was the outcome, nonetheless, in the event that the humors were out of parity, at that point physical sickness and mental unsettling influence happened (Maltby et al, 2007, p.160). In any case, ‘by the hour of the Middle Ages, researchers excused that natural liquids were straightforwardly involved in character qualities. Be that as it may, the conduct depictions related with the four humors lived on’ (McAdams, 2000, p.256). Galen’s four personalities gave a lot of motivation and verifiable reference for Carl Jung’s hypothesis of mental kinds. As per Jung’s hypothesis we are for the most part unique in major manners and each mental kind has an alternate thought of achieving individual achievement. Nonetheless, www.personalitypage.com states that, ‘so numerous individuals are hung up on someone else’s thought of being effective, that they are uninformed of what is genuinely imperative to them‘. I concur, in light of the fact that for a long time, I needed to be another person as that person’s life appeared to be such a great amount of superior to mine, or so I thought at that point. Jung was one of only a handful scarcely any therapists in the twentieth century to keep up that improvement reaches out past youth and youthfulness through midlife and into mature age (Stevens, 2001, p.38). Jung demanded that ‘we never finish the procedure of self-assessment and development that outlines our excursion towards individuation.’ (Snowdon, 2010, p.86). For my situation, I trust I am on that excursion of tolerating myself as I genuinely am, turning into my actual ‘self‘. Stevens (2001, p.38) claims that ‘it could be brought to the most noteworthy realization whether one worked with and stood up to the unconscious,’ and for me, it is and has been essential to confront the ‘monsters that lurk’ (Snowdon, 2010, p.86) in my oblivious, in any event, when it has been awkward to do as such. As indicated by Jung, similar to Freud, there are three degrees of awareness in the (mind);- cognizant, individual oblivious and aggregate oblivious. Snowdon (2010, p.56) states that ‘the singular mind is continually changing as it looks for development and wholeness.’ Jung alluded to the sense of self while depicting the more cognizant part of the character, the piece of the mind that chooses recognitions, contemplations, emotions and recollections that may enter our cognizant mindfulness. Stevens (2002, p. 62) states that ‘the inner self is then focal point of cognizance and is liable for our proceeding with feeling of identity.’ The individual oblivious contains ‘all the acquisitions of individual life, everything overlooked, subdued, subconsciously saw, thought, felt’ (Jung, 1990, p.485). This is a part of the oblivious that Freud additionally underscored and these overlooked encounters are open to awareness, and for both Freud and Jung, ‘the investigation of the oblivious is the way to individual insight’ (McAdams, 2000, p. 135). Cognizant mentalities inside the mind ought to consistently be adjusted by oblivious perspectives, and Snowdon (2010, p.56) claims that ‘if a cognizant demeanor develops too solid then the oblivious will consistently look to reestablish equilibrium,’ by methods for dreams, dreams, mistakes, etc. Notwithstanding, in the event that the oblivious message is overlooked, at that point ‘neurosis or even malady may result’ (Stevens, 2010, p.57). Where the individual oblivious is exceptional for every individual the aggregate oblivious isn't a ‘individual securing but instead the working of the acquired mind structure, which in its expansive blueprints is the equivalent in every single person (Jung, 1954, p.117). Subsequently, the aggregate oblivious speaks to the mutual encounters, feelings and recollections we have acquired from past ages. Jung accepted that we were brought into the world with an inherent human formative program, which is covered profound inside the aggregate oblivious (Snowdon, 2010, p. 80). As indicated by Jung, the individual oblivious contains different edifices, while the aggregate oblivious contains prime examples (see Fig 1) ‘Complexes are connected gatherings of genuinely charged thoughts, musings and images’ (Snowdon, 2010, p.61), and can apply a solid effect on the contemplations and conduct of an individual. Some buildings might be gainful and others might be conceivably hurtful, and Jung (1990, p.529) states that ‘complexes don't really show mediocrity. It just implies that something conflicting, unassimilated, adversarial exists, maybe as an impediment, yet additionally as an impetus to more noteworthy exertion, thus, maybe to additional opportunities of achievement.’ Therefore, a specialist may utilize this information to bring to the cutting edge of the client’s cognizance, a circumstance which they might be discovering hard to survive. Edifices can be identified with a specific original, Stevens (2001, p.48) states that ‘complexes are embodiments of models; they are simply the methods through which paradigms show in the individual psyche.’ A prime example is a widespread idea structure or inclination to react to the world in specific manners (Jung, 1936), and Jung accepted they appeared to us in dreams, legends, religions, craftsmanship and side effects. Engler (1991, p.86) asserted that ‘it is useful for us to connect with them since they speak to the dormant possibly of the psyche.’ The broadly perceived originals are the persona, the shadow, the anima and the enmity, and oneself. The persona original is the cover that an individual wears to conceal their actual nature from society. The shadow is an oblivious piece of the character that contains shortcomings and different parts of character that an individual can't admit to having’ (Snowdon, 2010, p.68). The anima is the oblivious ladylike part of a man’s character, and the ill will is the manly part of a woman’s character. Oneself is the focal prime example and genuine midpoint of the character (Engler, 1991, p.89). An analysis of Jung’s hypothesis was his absence of exact research, where his hypothesis has been assaulted as being â€Å"non-falsifiable and unscientific† (Hergenhahn, 1994, p.93). Jung put together his brain research with respect to investigations of his own inward world, just as his work with individuals going from ‘normal’ to those with psychotic issues and even those experiencing psychosis (Snowdon, 2010, p.XXVI). Eysenck (Engler, 2009, p.316) accepted that from the perspective of science, Jung’s commitment to the investigation of character types was essentially negative as he allowed supernatural ideas to supersede exact information. In any case, Jung was indifferent guaranteeing that he ‘cannot experience himself as a logical issue. Fantasy is increasingly individual and communicates life all the more accurately that does science (Stevens, 2001, p.156).’ Jung’s depiction of character expresses that so as to distinguish a mental kind, it is important to decide if a person’s mystic vitality (drive) is turned inwards towards the subject (contemplation), or outwards towards the item (extroversion). Self observers are individuals who favor their own internal universe of musings and sentiments, while social butterflies incline toward the outside world towards outer connections and articles. As indicated by Jung (1990, p.415) ‘the nearness of two mentalities is incredibly frequent,’ albeit one is commonly predominant and cognizant and the other is subordinate and oblivious. Be that as it may, McAdams (2000, p.310) claims that ‘Eysenck, a British therapist of Ger

Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Have a Gap!

Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Have a Gap! mbaMission  hosts a weekly blog series, “Admissions Myths Destroyed,”  for our friends at  Beat the GMAT. Check out the BTG site for fresh material and ours for “reprints.” The following piece was penned by mbaMission Founder, Jeremy Shinewald:   There is no perfect MBA applicant. However, there is a perception of the perfect applicant an individual who is scaling greater and greater personal, community and professional peaks, unabated until he/she finally applies. So, those who take time off at any point perceive themselves as disadvantaged. They worry that the admissions committees will see their gaps and dismiss them outright. After all, aren’t there more determined individuals to admit? It is true that time off can be destructive. If you spend a year on your couch watching reality TV, you are likely in trouble. If you have a strong professional history and spend one month between jobs, sitting on your couch watching reality TV, your record should still speak for itself. But, even if you do take an extended leave, as long as you are productive during this time and you grow personally, you should still be just fine. In fact, an adventure may even add to your story and help you differentiate yourself. If you spend six months or a year travelling before you start your professional career, you are certainly still eligible for a top-MBA program. If you take a personal leave to care for a family member, do charity work or even pursue a personal passion (an art form, for example), as long as you can show purpose and reveal a broad record of competency, an admissions officer should still see your merits. Admissions officers are â€" and this may be surprising to some â€" human beings. They understand that applicants are not robots and that they have interests, passions and personal lives. If you make good use of your time, they won’t condemn you. They just might envy you Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Have a Gap! There is no perfect MBA applicant. However, there is a perception of the perfect applicantâ€"an individual who is scaling greater and greater personal, community, and professional peaks, unabated until he or she finally applies. So, those who take time off at any point perceive themselves as disadvantaged. They worry that the admissions committees will see their gaps and dismiss them outright. After all, there are probably more determined individuals to admit, right? Time off can be destructive, true. If you spend a year on your couch watching reality TV, you are likely in trouble. If you have a strong professional history and spend one month between jobs sitting on your couch watching reality TV, your record should still speak for itself. But, even if you do take an extended leave, as long as you are productive during this time and you grow personally, you should still be just fine. In fact, an adventure may even add to your story and help you differentiate yourself. If you spend six months or a year traveling before you start your professional career, you are certainly still eligible for a top MBA program. If you take a personal leave to care for a family member, do charity work, or even pursue a personal passionâ€"an art form, for exampleâ€"as long as you can show purpose and reveal a broad record of competency, an admissions officer should still see your merits. Admissions officers areâ€"and this may be surprising to someâ€"human beings. They understand that applicants are not robots and that they have interests, passions, and personal lives. If you make good use of your time, they will not condemn you. They just might envy you. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Have a Gap! There is no perfect MBA applicant. However, there is a perception of the perfect applicantâ€"an individual who is scaling greater and greater personal, community, and professional peaks, unabated until he/she finally applies. So, those who take time off at any point perceive themselves as disadvantaged. They worry that the admissions committees will see their gaps and dismiss them outright. After all, aren’t there more determined individuals to admit? It is true that time off can be destructive. If you spend a year on your couch watching reality TV, you are likely in trouble. If you have a strong professional history and spend one month between jobs, sitting on your couch watching reality TV, your record should still speak for itself. But, even if you do take an extended leave, as long as you are productive during this time and you grow personally, you should still be just fine. In fact, an adventure may even add to your story and help you differentiate yourself. If you spend six months or a year traveling before you start your professional career, you are certainly still eligible for a top MBA program. If you take a personal leave to care for a family member, do charity work, or even pursue a personal passionâ€"an art form, for exampleâ€"as long as you can show purpose and reveal a broad record of competency, an admissions officer should still see your merits. Admissions officers areâ€"and this may be surprising to someâ€"human beings. They understand that applicants are not robots and that they have interests, passions, and personal lives. If you make good use of your time, they will not condemn you. They just might envy you. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Have a Gap! The perfect MBA applicant does not exist. However, a  perception  of the perfect applicant doesâ€"an individual who is scaling greater and greater personal, community, and professional peaks unabated until he/she finally applies to business school. So, those who take time off at any point perceive themselves as disadvantaged. They worry that the admissions committees will see the gap(s) in their professional timeline and dismiss them outright. After all, they probably have numerous more determined individuals they could admit, right? Time off can be destructive, true. If you spent a year sitting on your couch watching reality TV, you may be  in trouble. If you have a strong professional history and spent one month between jobs sitting on your couch watching reality TV, your record should still speak for itself. But even if you do take (or have taken) an extended leave, as long as you are productive during that time and grow personally, you should still be just fine. In fact, an adventure may even add to your story and help you differentiate yourself. If you spend six months or a year traveling before you start your professional career, you are certainly still eligible for a top MBA program. If you take personal leave to care for a family member, do charity work, or even pursue a personal passionâ€"an art form, for exampleâ€"as long as you can show purpose and reveal a broad record of competency, an admissions officer should still see your merits. Admissions officers areâ€"and this may be surprising to someâ€"human beings. They understand that applicants are not robots and that they have interests, passions, and personal lives. If you make good use of your time, they will not condemn you. They just might envy you. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed

Josephine Baker Picture Gallery Her Career in Photos

Nuclear Energy Is Not the Answer - 1093 Words

In our modern world of today, we use increasingly more energy every day. According to the most recent study done by the US Energy Information Administration in 2008, the world uses 493 quadrillion BTUs or energy a year, and 82% of the energy is generated from fossil fuels. This source makes clear, that fossil fuels are a big part of life, and as they run out, it is more and more important to find a solution. In the midst of a polluted world, what we need is a powerful, sustainable, and clean energy source. Solar power, wind power, geothermal heating/cooling, biomass burning, and hydro-electric turbines all seem like good solutions. At first glance, nuclear power does too. Its powerful, sustainable, and will last a long time right? However, if you take a closer look, and you can see that nuclear energy is not the answer. Nuclear power is not safe. An accident is likely to occur every 10-20 years. For example, a European study from Science Daily stated that, â€Å"Based on the operati ng hours of all civil nuclear reactors and the number of nuclear meltdowns that have occurred, scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in Mainz have calculated that such events may occur once every 10 to 20 years.† This evidence demonstrates that, nuclear accidents happen more often than we think they do. The dangerous aspect of a nuclear accident is the amount of radiation that is spewed into the atmosphere and the surrounding environment. Radiation causes sickness, cancer, mutations,Show MoreRelatedIs Nuclear Energy Answer to the Energy Crisis by Albert You1571 Words   |  7 Pages(Albert) Is nuclear power the answer to the energy crisis? 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Marijuana Unregulated, Undocumented, and Uncontrollable...

Marijuana has been around for a long time and its use has become wide spread in America. So much so, that an underground culture and economy have formed around it like a protective shroud. For most people, a supply of marijuana is only a phone call away (ICSDP.) Yet it has been illegal to possess, use, grow, or distribute since the thirties. Despite the possibility of becoming addicted to marijuana, many use it recreationally, while others rely on the medicinal effects of marijuana to alleviate a variety of diseases. Thirteen states have enacted medical marijuana laws and programs despite federal prohibition policies against the use of marijuana. Twelve more states are in the process of following this trend and if they are successful in†¦show more content†¦For instance, here is an excerpt from an editorial in the Florida Times Union. The Office of National Drug Control Policy says marijuana plays a bigger role in a serious U.S. drug problem than most people realize. Consider: Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. About 75 percent -- or 14.6 million of the nearly 20 million illicit drug users -- are using marijuana. Of the 7.1 million Americans dealing with illegal drug dependence or abuse, 60 percent are hooked on marijuana or abuse it. More young people are being treated for marijuana dependency than for booze or for all other illegal drugs combined, the office says marijuanas daily use among eighth, 10th and 12th grade students has increased over the last year, according to recent survey results released by the office. Youths who use marijuana -- particularly those in their later teen years -- are more likely to do poorly in school, stand a better chance of getting into trouble and tend to have more sexual partners. And, while theres no shortage of backers for legalizing marijuana , it has proven to be a psychologically addictive drug with plenty of downside to society, the Office of National Drug Control Policy says

My Inspirational Babysitter free essay sample

â€Å"†¦Kathy has schizophrenia,† my mom said.While my mom talked, I did not know what to think.Kathy had always seemed like everyone else, but in reality, she wasn’t.Since I was a year old, when my parents worked, Kathy and I played games, watched kids’ shows, and talked about whatever came to our minds.When she arrived at the house, my eyes lit up in anticipation of the board games we would play and the pasta she would cook.Never once did she get annoyed by my demand for her attention or my sore loser habits.No matter the circumstance, I was always more important than her.Kathy’s everlasting kindness and smile still make me smile today. The nights after learning about Kathy’s disorder, I wondered whether Kathy’s kindness was a result of the condition.How could a â€Å"mental disorder† have such a positive side effect?As time went on, I began to take note of Kathy’s social abnormalities. We will write a custom essay sample on My Inspirational Babysitter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The simplest occurrences now started to make sense.Although Kathy was my parents’ age, her only job was babysitting my brother and me.Kathy never had a man in her life but seemed to never want one.The disorder clearly affected Kathy, yet that hasn’t stopped her from being the gracious person that she is. Now a junior in high school, I sat at a side table in the restaurant Luigi’s with my mom and Kathy.I had known about Kathy’s condition for a few years.Voices circled the wooden walls of the large room. Kathy, meanwhile, suggested a solution to the constant annoyance all brass players deal with: the spit valve puddle.If spit has to be continually unloaded from any given brass instrument, why does the spit always have to end up on the floor?Kathy’s solution was a â€Å"spit sponge† that would catch all spit released from the spit valve.After describing her invention to my mom and me, Kathy explained how she could not make any use out of her idea.Therefore, she decided to give the idea to me, if I ever wanted to do anything with it.She told me, â€Å"Mike, you are one of the most important people in my life, and I wouldn’t want anyone else to have it.† I now do not talk about Kathy’s condition often. Nonetheless, Kathy represents more than just a babysitter.She regularly comes down for dinner and never misses one of my band concerts.Through battling the hurdles of life, Kathy supports my every move and brightens my worst days.Whether I break up with my girlfriend or get a bad grade on a test, Kathy’s everlasting kindness and smile always cheer me up.Since Kathy makes such a difference in my life, she motivates me to be the best person I can be.With Kathy as inspiration, I want to push through adversity and make the most out of life that I can.

Self Analysis Based on Banduras Theory free essay sample

The way we think, how we treat people, how we talk, how we perceive others, etc. are very important for us. That means it’s the aspects that our parents or environment teaches/nurtures us. Self-introspection is very important for us. Especially for psychology students, because if we don’t know about who we are, how can we understand others. In this theory Bandura wants us to express our own thoughts about ourselves. We are expected to control ourselves from anything that we have to face. In order to control ourselves, we need to have our own standpoint and stay committed to it. We can’t let anyone bother or affect us in any way. II. SELF ANALYSIS LEARNING Bandura believes that people learn through observing others and by attending to the consequences of their own actions. Although he believes that reinforcement aids learning, he contends that people can learn in the absence of reinforcement and even of a response. We will write a custom essay sample on Self Analysis Based on Banduras Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are two types of learning, observational learning and enactive learning. Observational learning means that we learn from modeling others. For kids, mainly parents, teachers, caregiver, or anyone who’s close to the child. I know that it is impossible that I’m the only one who gone through this phase of learning, every child must’ve copied acts of others based on what they see. When I was 2 years old, I was going somewhere together with my parents. Suddenly a car passes through and cut our lane, then I yelled, â€Å"ape lo? (what do you want? )† to that car. My parents were shocked and laughed about it. That shows that I modeled what they usually do without even realizing that those acts can really do affect children. Modeling does not always occur while we were still young; it is attached to our self. We tend to model people who has higher position than us and people who got positive feedbacks on what they just did. Bandura recognized four processes that govern observational learning, which are attention, representation, behavioral reproduction, and motivation. I took ballet for 9 years since I was 3 years old. For dancing, the most important aspect that we need to do is pay attention to the teacher so that we can represent the dance step by memorizing them. After we perceive and memorize the dance step, we will try to reproduce them by practicing the dance steps that we’ve learned. The last thing is our own motivation whether we are motivated because we got positive feedbacks or not because of negative feedbacks. But we still can keep on trying and practicing in order to get the positive feedbacks. Enactive learning is the same as operant conditioning, which means that we receive consequences on anything that we do. We will get reward if we do something that’s good or right. But in contrast, we will be punished if we do something bad or wrong. There are positive and negative aspects of both reinforcement and punishment. Cognitively anyone don’t want to be punished, that’s why people tend not to repeat their mistakes and try to get more reward by doing the right things. Throughout my life as my parents’ child, I got reinforced and punished a lot. Negative reinforcement means removing pain or anything uncomfortable so that we can feel better. Me taking a medicine when I got ill means that I got negative reinforcement, whereas positive reinforcement means that we receive something for our pleasure. This happens quite a lot too, whenever I achieve something my parents tend to give me something that I want as a reward. When I do something wrong, I’ll get punished for sure. Negative punishment means that my pleasure have been revoked from me. Up until now when I got bad score or come home late, I will get grounded. My parents will take my phone away and I’m not allowed to go anywhere with my friends for some time. And for positive punishment, it’s an act that cause us feel uncomfortable. I rarely got positive punishment, but I got my things thrown into me by my mom. It’s because I spend too much on Japanese CDs, DVDs, goods, magazines, etc. and charged it to my credit card. My mom told me to reduce my spending on those things, but I keep on doing it. In the end my mom got really mad and threw those things towards me. Since then I stop spending my money on those merchants. TRIADIC RECIPROCAL CAUSATION Social cognitive theory holds that human functioning is molded by the reciprocal interaction of behavior, personal factors, including cognition, and environmental events—a model Bandura calls triadic reciprocal causation. In differential contributions, Bandura does not suggest that the three factors in the triadic reciprocal causation model make equal contributions to behavior. The relative influence of behavior, environment, and person depends on which factor is strongest at any particular moment. And in chance encounters and fortuitous events, the lives of many people have been fundamentally changed by a chance meeting with another person or by a fortuitous, unexpected event. Chance encounters and fortuitous events enter the triadic reciprocal causation paradigm at the environment point, after which they influence behavior in much the same way as do planned events. I do believe there is fate. Especially when we’re talking about friendship. So, it was back in junior high school. I was a big fan of a Japanese boyband called NEWS, there was an international forum for the fans from all over the world. And in the Indonesian topic room, I met some Indonesian who lives all over Indonesia and some abroad. Then I met my friend. She was in the same age as mine and lives in Jakarta too. We have so much in common. Until one day we decided to meet up, and we did. It was so fun. We could talk anything with each other even outside the topic of the Japanese boyband. We did nearly lost contact, but eventually we did still keep in touch. Then she lost interest in that Japanese boyband, but we remained friends. She’s now one of my best friends. From all of the odds I found one of my best friend through the internet. It’s indeed funny and silly, even our friends consider our meeting as geeky and odd. We even still laugh at how we met. But when you are fated to meet or know that person, it will happen. HUMAN AGENCY CORE FEATURES OF HUMAN AGENCY According to Bandura, human agency is the essence of humanness; that is, humans are defined by their ability to organize, regulate, and enact behaviors that they believe will produce desirable consequences. Human has 4 core features, which are intentionally, forethought, self-reactiveness, and self-reflectiveness. Intentionally literally means that we have the intention or plan that includes action to produce the result that we want. I planned on going abroad for college back when I was still in junior high school, that’s why I intentionally enrolled to an international high school. But when I dad changed his mind that I can’t go abroad for college, I altered my plan to enroll to UI International Program. I still want to study abroad. Then at first my dad won’t approve, and in contrast my mom told me to go for it. When my dad told me to take the SNMPTN and SIMAK exam I deliberately failed on those exam so that I could enter the international class. Because I know how much my dad wants me to be in this university and I explained to him about how mature that I’d be to leave this country and study abroad. Forethought is our ability to set goals and selecting the behavior that will produce the outcomes that we desire and avoid things that we don’t want it to happen. I planned on going to graduate school right after I finish my undergraduate studies. That was my plan since I decided to take psychology back when I was still in junior high school. I have the will to achieve this goal of mine. That’s why I will still keep on studying so that I can get in to graduate school as I planned before and I wont let anyone disturb my goal or even let myself distracted. I will to achieve my ultimate goal and be a successful consultant. Self-reactiveness is the process of motivating and regulating our own actions to fulfill our choices that we’ve made. In order to achieve my goal on being a successful psychologist/consultant I have to keep on studying and achieving good grades so that there won’t be any difficulty when it’s time to enroll myself to a graduate school. I have to keep focusing on my goal and not letting anyone or anything interfere with it. Although right now my grades are not satisfying, I still have to keep up with it and try to fix my scores. I still have to be motivated because being here was my own choice since the beginning. I have to be committed to myself. Self-reflectiveness allows us to think about and evaluate our motives, values, and life goals. By evaluating myself, I find that I’ve achieved almost every goal that I’ve made. I’m glad with it, but there are still a couple of goals that I have to achieve. I still have to improve my academic achievement. All these years I passed my courses with only average scores. I underestimated my scores; I always thought that as long as I pass it’s okay. But in fact I have to be able to achieve more. I feel that I’m too less motivated, I feel satisfied with my average score. The only thing that makes me worry is when I fail or got less than average score even though I know that it’s my own fault. I have to improve my point of view and hopefully achieve higher scores. SELF-EFFICACY How people behave in a particular situation depends in part on their self-efficacy, that is, their beliefs that they can or cannot exercise those behaviors necessary to bring about a desired consequence. Self-efficacy combines with environmental variables, previous behaviors, and other personal variables to predict behavior. It is acquired, enhanced, or decreased by any one or combination of four sources: mastery experiences, social modeling, social persuasion, and physical and emotional states. Mastery experience is the most important factor on determining our self-efficacy. It basically success raises self-efficacy and failure lowers it. I’m good at baking, when I bake people tend to enjoy what I’ve made. Whenever I got good feedbacks from people who eat my baking I feel satisfied and happy. I conclude myself as pretty good in the kitchen. But someday I tried cooking main course dishes instead of desserts, it came out not as I expected. I expect it to came out great because I handle things in the kitchen well. I had too high expectancy. That’s why since then I never cook any main course dishes. Social modeling is the experience when we see someone succeeding, our self-efficacy increases and when we see them failing, it decreases. Whenever I see someone succeeding in something, I will think that I can do it as well. When my older brother bought a Mercedes using his own money, I really think that why can’t I do that too. He finished his graduate school when he was 24 years old, and by 28 he could afford his own car. That’s why I want to be like him. I know that working is not easy, but it’ll be worth it. In contrast, when I see someone failing on a particular matter, I tend to avoid it. I don’t want the same failure to happen to me. Social persuasion basically means the encouragement or discouragement that we receive from others. Where encouragement will increase self-efficacy, and discouragement will lower it. I took ballet for 9 years, which means I was already enrolled in the advance class. There are a couple of difficult and complex routine. For example doing a triple/quadruple pirouette or a grand jete or any other complex routine. Whenever I tell my self that I can’t do it, I really can’t complete the routine. But when I got encourage by my teacher, I can do it. Physical and emotional states happen in a stressful situation, such as fear or anxiety and usually lower self-efficacy. Whereas in a contrast situation, it will increase our self-efficacy. This happens to me whenever I feel nervous at something. When I have to present a presentation in front of the class but I don’t feel well or I don’t really master the topic I will tremble and ended up messing up my presentation. The outcome will be very bad. But when I feel comfortable and confident, the presentation that I’m doing will turn out great. PROXY AGENCY Bandura recognize that the influence of proxy agency through which people exercise some partial control over everyday living. People nowadays have to rely on the proxies or else our life will be unproductive because we have to do all unnecessary things by ourselves. We rely on people who are specialized at their jobs. We rely on our parents to take care of us, rely on our housekeeper to clean up our house, we even rely on the internet for finishing our assignments or just stay in contact with our friends. All of them/it helps us to complete tasks easier, but the negative impact is when we rely on them too much, without them we can’t complete those tasks by ourselves. We’ll be too dependable. COLLECTIVE EFFICACY Collective efficacy is the level of confidence that people have that their combined efforts will produce social change. At least four factors can lower collective efficacy. First, events in other parts of the world can leave people with a sense of helplessness; second, complex technology can decrease peoples perceptions of control over their environment; third, entrenched bureaucracies discourage people from attempting to bring about social change; and fourth, the size and scope of worldwide problems contribute to peoples sense of powerlessness. SELF-REGULATION Humans can manipulate their environments and produce consequence of their own actions by giving them some ability to regulate their own behavior. Bandura believes that behavior stems from a reciprocal influence of external and internal factors. External factors affect self-regulation by providing people with standards for evaluating their own behavior. There are 2 factors that contribute to external self-regulation, they are standards of evaluation and external reinforcement. Environment is the most common external factor of self-regulation. My family and friends are the ones who affected me the most. I evaluate myself right after my family or friends commented something about me. Whether it’s a reprimand or complement, I’ll always re-evaluate myself what have I done, how can I keep up or change what’s wrong and become better. Internal factors there are 3 factors contributing to this matter. Which are self-regulation, judgmental process, and self-reaction. All of those factors came from inside us, our own self-introspection on our acts and behaviors. I tend to observe myself right after I do something, whether I did it correctly or not. I think about anything that bothers my mind, I even regret when I know I did something wrong towards something or someone. Once I said something wrong to my friends and I know that they were offended. I wasn’t thinking what I was saying and I just realize right after that. I feel very bad and feel like I’m such a bad person on what I’ve done. I regret it and wishing that I could take back what I’ve just said to them. Up until now, I still feel guilty towards them although they’ve forgiven me. We have our own standards on how we evaluate or judge our performance. Every person has different threshold. For me myself, I don’t want to compare myself with others. I just want to be me. I don’t want to be influenced by others. I’d accept when people tell me to change my bad habits. But if people are trying to change me, I wont accept that. DYSFUNCTIONAL BEHAVIOR Dysfunction behavior is learned through the mutual interaction of the person (including cognitive and neurophysiological processes), the environment (including interpersonal relations), and behavioral factors (especially previous experiences with reinforcement). Such as depression, phobias, and aggression. These dysfunctional behaviors can be treated by a regular therapy treatment. In my whole life, I’ve never had any dysfunctional behavior. I don’t have any specific phobias. Of course I’m disgusted by reptiles or insects but I don’t have any significant phobias towards them. I’m not a cold-headed person, I can get angry easily but I don’t imply an extreme aggression. The most aggressive thing that I’ve done is throwing things when I got really mad. But I don’t throw the things towards people but mostly doors or walls or anything that I can at least ease up my mind a bit. III. CONCLUSION After comprehending Bandura’s theory, I can conclude that he wants us to know more about ourselves and wants us to be ourselves, by not letting anyone interfere on what we believe in. Although we still have to consider what people think about us, we have to accept our flaws and try to improve ourselves. We have to be independent in some way so that we wont be dependent on one thing or another. We could achieve what we want to do by ourselves. Not forgetting that we still have to stay motivated on what we are doing and what we want to achieve. We can’t give up or just get distracted that could jeopardize our future goals. In order to still be motivated, we have to find ways so that we could still be interested and still determined to reach our goal. By looking at people who’ve reached their goals and be our role model, we could still be motivated. We have to have the will from inside ourselves to be able to reach our goal and for external factors such as family and friends that are always there for you and keep supporting you until you reach your goals.

Writing Tips The Elements of a Screenplay

Writing Tips The Elements of a Screenplay Writing Tips: The Elements of a Screenplay A â€Å"screenplay† is typically a script for a movie or television show. And if you see a screenplay on paper, you’ll notice it has a specific â€Å"look† and structure. This is partly due to the formatting, but it is also because all scripts contain certain things. Key elements include: Scene headings Descriptions of the action Character names Dialogue Parentheticals and extensions Transitions and shots We’ll now look at each of these screenplay elements in detail. 1. Scene Headings Each scene in your script should begin with a scene heading written in all caps. Usually, these provide information on whether the scene takes place inside (INT.) or outside (EXT.), the specific location, and what time of day or night it is. This is also known as a â€Å"slug line.† For example: INT. BEDROOM – NIGHT. EXT. CAPITOL BUILDING – SUNSET. The first scene heading above tells us that the scene takes place inside a bedroom at night. The second, meanwhile, is for a scene that takes place outside the Capitol Building at sunset. 2. Action The â€Å"action† in a script is where you describe the setting and what happens in each scene. As such, this will cover most of the text in your script other than the dialogue. However, action descriptions should only mention things that can be seen or heard (not what characters are thinking or feeling). Action lines in a screenplay.(Image: Entheta/wikipedia) A good rule here is to use the present tense and active voice whenever possible. This will ensure the action feels urgent on the page. You should also keep descriptions of action brief (ideally, no more than 3-5 lines per paragraph) so that your screenplay does not become too long. 3. Characters The first time you name someone in the action of your screenplay, you should write their name in all caps to show that you’re introducing a new character. This might be an actual name (e.g., SHIRLEY or MAJID) or a role description (e.g., PRISON GUARD or ANGRY DRIVER). We also use character names to show who is speaking in the dialogue. In this case, the name is usually written in all caps and indented roughly 2† (or 5cm) from the left margin on the page. The dialogue itself is then given on the next line, continuing until the character stops speaking. Finally, you may see some scripts with a list of characters at the beginning. This is especially common in stage plays, but not generally something you would include in a screenplay. 4. Dialogue The dialogue in a script is what the characters will say on screen, but it also includes voiceovers or voices coming from off screen (see the bit on extensions below for how this works). Typically, you should indent each line of dialogue 1† (2.5 cm) from the left margin and end 1.5† (3.75cm) from the right margin. This will ensure it appears in roughly the center of the page. 5. Parenthetical and Extensions Parentheticals and extensions provide extra information about what is happening in a screenplay: A parenthetical tells us how a character says something or what they are doing while they speak. These appear on the line between the character name and the dialogue itself. An extension is a note given in brackets after a character’s name stating how the audience will hear something. The most common are O.S. (offscreen) and V.O. (voiceover). These are usually given immediately after the character’s name when introducing dialogue. You should therefore add these to your screenplay as and when required. 6. Transitions and Shots Finally, we have transitions and shots. These notes provide extra information, much like parentheticals and extensions. However, transition and shot notes are specific to shooting and editing. A typical â€Å"transition† note, for example, might say CUT TO: or FADE TO: to show how two scenes should be edited together in the final version. A â€Å"shot† note, meanwhile, would tell us what kind of shot to use when filming a scene (e.g., CLOSE UP or REVERSE ANGLE). Generally, these are only included in a shooting script (i.e., a script that is already being produced). As such, you can leave these notes out if you are writing a spec script (i.e., a script you will pitch to producers).

Diagnosing a Need for Organizational Change Case Study

Diagnosing a Need for Organizational Change - Case Study Example In this regard, the disaster that befell the shuttle Challenger provided a strong focal point from which organization within bodies could be viewed. The Challenger broke into pieces moments after takeoff on January 28 1986. Prior to this culmination of events, there had been revealing signs that were overlooked by the bodies in authority. A commission was formed to look into the matter and it filed its report after carrying out its research. In light of the above, NASA made most of the recommended changes brought forth by the commission that was looking into the Challenger disaster. Despite this, the occurrence of the Columbia accident on February 1, 2003 opened a new chapter into the effectiveness of the recommendations, and most importantly, shed some light on the issue of organizational culture that tends to undermine the effectiveness of organizations. Organizational culture is the aspect or custom of workers of an organization tending to carry out their activities in a way that may not be fully recommended, but in their organization, it is the norm (Carnall, 2007). While trying to counter this, models have been set up to ensure the best productivity of organizations. Such is the Burke-Litwin model for organizational change. It aims at bringing change to an organization through the creation of connections between performance and the factors within or without the organization, which has an effect over the performance (Burke, 2010). The model relies upon a framework through which the analysis of both internal or organizational factors and external or environmental factors can be linked together to ensure superb performance of an organization. It links both theoretical aspects and practical ideas to result in the best performance (Burke, 2010). This is done in twelve dimensions each of which caters for a particular aspect of the organization. Therefore, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board report and recommendations as put under the Burke-Litwin model wou ld give a better view as follows: 1. External Environment. Following the Columbia disaster, CAIB realized that a number of external factors also indirectly resulted in the catastrophe. Such included such aspects as performance pressures from the public that tended to rush the organization into action hastily. Moreover, the budgetary allocations for the agency proved to be insufficient following shifting national priorities. 2. Mission and Strategy. Furthermore, CAIB analyzed NASA’s mission, and in comparison to the strategy employed to achieve that mission, the two were found not to tally. Moreover, the employees’ perspective was not in tandem with that of the top management (James, 2007). 3. Leadership. CAIB’s report found the leadership of NASA solely to blame for the disaster. It stated that the leadership lacked open-mindedness and could have acted quickly upon realizing that the space ship was damaged. However, this was not done hence exposing the laxity of leadership at NASA (James, 2007). 4. Organizational Culture. The report found out that NASA had come to adopt a culture through which matters were casually schemed through thereby leading to loopholes that provided avenues for such disasters. The foam responsible for the disaster had

Lung cancer policy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Lung cancer policy - Term Paper Example Compared with a combination of other malignant cancers like colon cancer, breast cancer, and the more familiar prostate cancer, the cancer of lungs kills more people than the three mentioned cancers combined. Such is the deadly and alarming situation of cancer of the lung. The simple explanation behind this is that, prostate cancer is prone to men only, while breast cancer is more prone to women. That is a contrast with lung cancer, the malignancy is not specific to gender, and it cuts across both women and men, hence creating more deaths than other types of cancers. In the entire of the nation, by the year 2007 there were roughly around 400,000 people who had survived through lung cancer. This malignancy has the lowest rates of survival compared to breast or prostate cancer which have slightly higher rates of survival. Hence since survival from the cancer is a matter of rarity, this has always resulted to lack of enough funding and even less motivation in creating awareness to the cancer. Currently in the United States the probability of developing cancer in any person’s life is such that 1 man in every 13 men will normally be diagnosed in your life time. And every 1 woman in every 16 women will be diagnosed over the same period. Research on the spending on the lung cancer carried out in 2004 show that the United States has been spending 9.6 billion dollars per year in the treatment and diagnosis of lung cancer. In men, the malignancy diagnosis of the cancer is high among the black and white men compared to Hispanic Asian or Pacific Islander men. In women there is higher statistics in white women contrary to other racial groups. When it comes to survival basing on the same ethnic or racial groups the data is as illustrated below in table 1.2, this is an overall average 5- year survival rate-: In diagnostics over half of the diagnosis normally happens when the cancer is at advanced stages, only 16% of the diagnosis happens at earlier stages. 25% of

Analyzing the Polluter Pays Principle Through Law and Economics Essay Example for Free

Analyzing the Polluter Pays Principle Through Law and Economics Essay The ‘polluter pays principle’ states that whoever is responsible for damage to the environment should bear the costs associated with it. The Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) is one of the internationally recognized principles that in? uence the shaping of environmental policy at both the national and international level. As one of the environmental principles that have developed ‘from political slogans to legal rules,’ it is also increasingly re? ected in national and international law. It is seen and analyzed both as a principle of environmental economics and as a principle of environmental law. In environmental economics, it is discussed as an ef? ciency principle of internalization of environmental costs. As a legal principle, it is usually treated as a principle for the allocation of the cost of pollution prevention, and for liability and compensation for environmental damage. In general, it is regarded as an important and ‘right’ principle in the perspective of environmental protection. It is often mentioned together with other major environmental principles such as the precautionary principle, the principle of prevention and the principle of integration. In general, it is regarded as an important and ‘right’ principle in the perspective of environmental protection. It is often mentioned together with other major environmental principles such as the precautionary principle, the principle of prevention and the principle of integration. The â€Å"polluter pays principle† (PPP or principle) requires the polluter to bear the expense of preventing, controlling, and cleaning up pollution. Its main goals are cost allocation and cost internalization. In 1972, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) articulated the principle explicitly and in 1989 indicated that it should be applied to agriculture. Though the principle originated as an economic principle, since 1990 it has been recognized internationally as a legal principle. The PPP now plays an important role in national and international environmental policy. The European Community (EC) adopted the principle in the 1987 Single European Act, and it has appeared in international agreements, including the Rio Declaration of 1992. The principle is an explicit part of legislation in some nations; in others, it is an implicit subtext for both environmental regulation and liability for pollution. Historical Evolution Of Polluter Pays Principle The polluter pays principle, like the other great towering principles that today influence international environmental law, such as: (1) the sustainable development principle; (2) the prevention principle; (3) the precautionary principle; and (4) the proximity principle, started as a political declaration without legal force. The polluter pays principle has been included in documents with legal status. For instance, many modern constitutions in the European Union explicitly provide for a right to a clean environment and thus environmental policy principles also constitute environmental law. The right to a clean environment implies a duty of the state to protect its citizens, but it is questionable whether these principles or social rights can yet be considered subjective rights, meaning that they can be enforced by citizens in a court. However, some see the right to a clean environment as a human or natural right existing independently of politically decided treaties. Finally, the polluter pays principles is now seen in specific pieces of legislation becoming more (or some might say ‘less’) than a grand constitutional statement of an intractable human right. OECD – the birth of the polluter pays principle Some explanation of the sometimes arbitrary course of the principle of polluter pays can be found in its historical development. The principle first appeared in a legal context in a document prepared by the international Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (â€Å"OECD†) and included the following recommendation: â€Å"The principle to be used for allocating costs of pollution prevention and control measures to encourage rational use of scarce environmental resources and to avoid distortions in international trade and investment is the so-called ‘Polluter Pays principle’. This principle means that the polluter should bear the expenses of carrying out the above mentioned measures decided by public authorities to ensure that the environment is in an acceptable state. In other words, the cost of these measures should be reflected in the costs of goods and services which cause pollution in production and/or consumption. Such measures should not be accompanied by subsidies that would create significant distortions in international trade and investment†. In 2001, the OECD Joint Working Party on Agriculture and Environment, after years of gestation and development by other organisations, stated that a new and expanded form of the polluter pays principle should provide that: the polluter should be held responsible for environmental damage caused and bear the expenses of carrying out pollution prevention measures or paying for damaging the state of the environment where the consumptive or productive activities causing the environmental damage are not covered by property rights. United Nations – the Rio Declaration This proclamation was proved, at least on paper, if not yet by jus cogens, in 1992 when the United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development delegates agreed on the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (the â€Å"Rio Declaration†), which has been described as an â€Å"instrument of international jurisprudence [that] articulates policies and prescriptions directed at the achievement of worl dwide sustainable development†. It is of note that Principle 16 of the Rio Declaration provides that: â€Å"[n]ational authorities should endeavour to promote the internalization of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments, taking into account the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear the cost of pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without distorting international trade and investment†. The principle’s appearance in such a seminal statement of the undamental principles of international environmental law demonstrates its significance in environmental liability regimes around the world. United States The principle has to some extent informed United States’ legislation, but its influence should not be overstated and commentators note that: â€Å"The United States, in contrast to the European nations, does not officially recognize the [polluter pays principle] as a distinct principle or policy mandate, but does, by natural political and economic inc lination, closely follow its precepts in practice†. Certain provisions of the United States’ Clean Air Act 1970 (the â€Å"CAA†) and Clean Water Act 1977 (the â€Å"CWA†) require polluters to satisfy environmental standards at their own expense; and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (â€Å"CERCLA†) assigns liability for costs associated with cleaning-up sites contaminated by hazardous wastes. CERCLA is a notable milestone in the development of the polluter pays principle in the United States and commentators have noted that: â€Å"the polluter pays principle is one of the central objectives or goals of CERCLA†. Flaws in the Polluter Pays Principle Few people could disagree with what seems at first glance to be such a straightforward proposition. Indeed, properly construed, this is not only a sound principle for dealing with those who pollute but is an extension of one of the most basic principles of fairness and justice: people should be held responsible for their actions. Those who cause damage or harm to other people should pay for that damage. This appeal to our sense of justice is why the polluter pays principle (PPP) has come to resonate so strongly with both policy makers and the public. As a general rule, sound economic analysis of pollution and environmental problems must also be based on the principle of responsibility. Forcing polluters to bear the costs of their activities is good economics too; it not only advances fairness and justice, but also enhances economic efficiency. In other words, with appropriate policies based on a PPP, we should not have to give up the economic efficiency of a free market system based on private property in order to obtain environmental protection, nor vice versa. But as with most such general principles, the devil is in the details. In this case, the details relate to three basic questions that any application of the PPP must answer. First, how do we define pollution and therefore a polluter? Second, how much should the polluter pay, once he is identified? Third, to whom should the payment be made? The answers to these questions are at the heart of whether any application of the PPP will be either just or economically efficient. A correctly construed polluter pays principle would penalize those who injure other people by harming their persons, or by degrading their property. Too often, however, the PPP is misdefined and misused to suppress private economic activity that benefits the parties directly involved and does no specific damage to other people, but which offends those who oppose human impact on the environment and prefer to leave resources undeveloped. The objective is to restrain the resource use at the expense of the property owners and consumers without cost to those who wish to see the resources remain idle. Under such a misapplication of the PPP, very often a polluter is not someone who is harming others, but is someone who is simply using his own property and resources in a way that is not approved of by government officials or environmentalists. In such cases there is no harm to be measured and no real victims to compensate. Consequently, the amount to be paid is not determined by the extent of any actual damage done. Rather, it is set at a level that curbs the politically disfavored activity to the degree desired by its opponents. And finally, the payment (whether there are real victims or not) typically goes to the government in the form of a tax. In other words, in most cases, the PPP is used as cover to promote a political or ideological agenda rather than to ensure that real polluters pay compensation to real victims of their activities. Constitutional and Legislative Measures Stockholm Declaration of 1972 was perhaps the first major attempt to conserve and protect the human environment at the international level. As a consequence of this Declaration, the States were required to adopt legislative measures to protect and improve the environment. Accordingly, Indian Parliament inserted two Articles, i. e. ,, 48A and 51A in the Constitution of India in 1976, Article 48A of the Constitution rightly directs that the State shall endeavour to protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife of the country. Similarly, clause (g) of Article 51A imposes a duty on every citizen of India, to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, river, and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures. The cumulative effect of Articles 48A and 51A (g) seems to be that the State as well as the citizens both are now under constitutional obligation to conserve, perceive, protect and improve the environment. Every generation owes a duty to all succeeding generations to develop and conserve the natural resources of the nation in the best possible way. The phrase ‘protect and improve’ appearing in both the Articles 48A and 51A (g) seems to contemplate an affirmative government action to improve the quality of environment and not just to preserve the environment in its degraded form. Apart from the constitutional mandate to protect and improve the environment, there are a plenty of legislations on the subject but more relevant enactments for our purpose are the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977; the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991; the National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 and the National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997; the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972; the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980. The Water Act provides for the prevention and control of water pollution and the maintaining or resorting of the wholesomeness of water. The Act prohibits any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter from entering into any stream or well. The Act provides for the formation of Central Pollution Control Board and the State Pollution Control Board. The new industries are required to obtain prior approval of such Boards before discharging any trade effluent, sewages into water bodies. No person, without the previous consent of the Boards shall bring into use new or altered outlet for the discharge of sewage or trade effluent into a stream or well or sewer or on land. The consent of the Boards shall also be required for continuing an existing discharge of sewage or trade effluent into a stream or well or sewer or land. In the Ganga Water Pollution case, the owners of some tanneries near Kanpur were discharging their effluents from their factories in Ganga without setting up primary treatment plants. The Supreme Court held that the financial capacity of the tanneries should be considered as irrelevant while requiring them to establish primary treatment plants. The Court directed to stop the running of these tanneries and also not to let out trade effluents from the tanneries either directly or indirectly into the river Ganga without subjecting the trade effluents to a permanent process by setting up primary treatment plants as approved by the State Pollution Control Board. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 aims to provide levy and collection of a cess on water consumed by persons carrying certain industries and local authorities to augment the resources of the Central Board and the State Boards constituted for the prevention and control of water pollution. The object is to realise money from those whose activities lead to pollution and who must bear the expenses of the maintaining and running of such Boards. The industries may obtain a rebate as to the extent of 25% if they set up treatment plant of sewage or trade effluent. The Air Act has been designed to prevent, control and abatement of air pollution. The major sources of air pollution are industries, automobiles, domestic fires, etc. The air pollution adversely affects heart and lung and reacts with hemoglobin in the blood. According to Roggar Mustress, the American Scientist, air pollution causes mental tension which leads to increase in crimes in the society. The Air Act defines an air pollutant as any solid, liquid or gaseous substance including noise present in the atmosphere in such concentration as may be or tend to be injurious to human beings or other living creatures or plants or property or environment. The Act provides that no person shall without the previous consent of the State Board establish or operate any industrial plant in an air-pollution control area. The Central Pollution Control Board and the State Pollution Control Board constituted under the Water Act shall also perform the power and functions under the Air Act. The main function of the Boards under the Air Act is to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control and abate air pollution in the country. The permission granted by the Board may be conditional one wherein stipulations are made in respect of raising of stack height and to provide various control equipments and monitoring equipments. It is expressly provided that persons carrying on industry shall not allow emission of air pollutant in excess of standards laid down by the Board. In Delhi, the public transport system including buses and taxies are operating on a single fuel CNG mode on the directions given by the Supreme Court. Initially, there was a lot of resistance from bus and taxi operators. But now they themselves realise that the use of CNG is not only environment friendly but also economical. Noise has been taken as air pollutant within the meaning of Air Act. Sound becomes noise when it causes annoyance or irritates. There are many sources of noise pollution like factories, vehicles, reckless use of loudspeakers in marriages, religious ceremonies, religious places, etc. Use of crackers on festivals, winning of teams in the games, and other such occasions causes not only noise pollution but also air pollution. The Air Act prevents and controls both these pollutions. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 was enacted to provide for the protection and improvement of the quality of environment and preventing, controlling and abating environmental pollution. The Act came into existence as a direct consequence of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. The term environment’ has been defined to include water, air and land, and the inter-relationship which exists among and between water, air and land and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organism and property.

media avoidance Essay -- essays research papers

In my everyday life I use all sorts of media, they range from cable television, Internet, radio, and the newspaper. For myself media, is the form and technology I use to receive and communicate information. The different forms of media I was trying to avoid were cable television, the internet and radio. I figured if I could avoid those things I would be doing well in avoiding most obvious forms of mass media. What I realized as I began this whole experience this whole experience is that the mass media is an important if not the most important part of my everyday life. I use it for almost everything I do and it surrounds me. On my first day of avoiding the media, which was on a Saturday, my plan going into was not check my e-mail, not watch television and not listen to the radio. This was not as easy as I thought, that morning when I woke up my first instinct was to check my e-mail. After I couldn’t do that I felt all this anxiety that I was missing out on something. But I went without, and was able to get to work without reading the newspaper or listening to the radio. It was easy for me to avoid media at work because I work at Enterprise Rent-A-Car and all I do there is check people into cars and drive around the city all day. If I don’t turn on the radio when I’m driving cars then I pretty much avoid most media. The only problem I had at work is when I would be talking to some customers and they would be talking about things they heard in the news, sports etc†¦ and I could...

Culture and Cultural Norms Essay

Culture can be referred to as a people’s way of life. It can be used to refer to the way we live and all that goes along with our life. That means that for us to have a life we have to be affiliated to a certain culture or to belong to a certain culture. To be in a certain culture, one has to comply will the cultural values, norms and expectations. Cultural values can be used or rather the term can be used to refer to the way we have our things done. Wee can not be able to have statistical averages on cultural norms. There are expected and also accepted practices in our society. Sometimes they may not be in line with the law or our policies. An example is a case where it is understandable and very normal to drive 5 miles above the speed limits. (http://www. changeculture. com/Webpages/Norms/Norms. htm) Norms have varying strength and thus they have very different consequences incase one violates these norms. If one lacks norms, this is referred to as economies and it is mostly associated with social breakdown and mental illness. This means that depending on the offense that one has committed they may be punished by their culture differently. They may be excommunicated by their community or anything that this community may think. (Westing, 1988) However, culture keeps changing and people in that culture move in pace with the change. This is why some people are more civilized than others. Due to this we find that some people have or seem to be more advanced then others. This can be used or is used in reference to some elite activities such as classic music, museum caliber art. There are times that one will move place to or one continent to the next and find that he can not fit in the next. This is because he finds that he really having a different way of life from the other people or the people that he meets. (http://www. changeculture. com/Webpages/Norms/Norms. htm) I once visited South America for one month in Peru. I was expecting a very normal life but I got some things that I least expected. Life was very different and that is when I realized I was in another world with quite a different culture. I was used to a life where we had a simple nuclear family where we have dad, mom and my brother and my two sisters. Down there I found that life is quite different. A simple family I realized consisted of the father, mother, children, uncles, aunties and the grandparents. All these were living in the same house under the same roof. There was a very different way of life here. Then when Sunday comes, I am a Christian and we go to church every Sunday. Here there were no churches and people used to pray under different groups at different places. I have never seen this before. There were sacrifices at the places where they prayed and they would slaughter animals and roast meat. This was very different from what we are used to in Florida. I also understood that there congregations were headed by old men and they spoke in their own native language. I later understood that some they did not understand English no wonder they communicated in their language. (Wolfgang M 2001) These people were little light in skin color more reddish than most of us. Most of them had not gone to school and thus they would not communicate or rather they did not know any other language. This made it very difficult for them to communicate. Most of their children used to go to look after their animals in some forest. I had led this only on papers but I never thought it happens on real life. However, there were those who were civilized for example in the towns. There were more advanced. Majority of them knew how to read and write and they would communicate in even in English. I realized that I was in a different world with quite different civilization. However, the culture of the people was quite different from what I was used to. Also, in this area there were very poor communication systems. Very few people had mobile phones and they were very expensive. I found this very different from what I am used to in our country. This gave an advantage as since people knew that we were foreigners they never concentrated so much on us. I would see that even if we go to a public place we were given a first priority in service. Life was very different here and people had to notice us everywhere we were going. I remember one time we were walking late at night and the police were rounding up all those who were walking around. When they came to us and realized that we were foreigners, they just passed but told us to go to our house while they arrested those who were behind us. In conclusion, it happens that people will have very different cultures in different places and they will have different way of life. If people from a different culture come, they will experience the change and they have an advantage of being foreigners. This makes them to have an advantage of being served or rather being attended to first. This shows that culture is complex and mostly resistant to change. (http://www. changeculture. com/Webpages/changeprocess. htm) Reference Westing H. A(1988)Cultural Norms, War and the Environment. Oxford University Press Wolfgang M (2001)The Subculture of Violence: Towards an Integrated Theory in Violence Routledge Publishers http://www. changeculture. com

Summary Of Zora Neale Hurston - 1210 Words

Ebonee Laws African American Literature K. Sanders: MWF 9:00 Zora Neale Hurston Zora Neale Hurston was born on January 7, 1891 in Alabama. She is known to be one of the most influential novelist of the twentieth century in African America literature. Hurston is described to be a very opinionated woman that stood for what she believed in; which reflected in some of her works. In addition to her many titles such as, being an anthropologist and short story writer, she was closely related and heavily focused on the Harlem Renaissance. Zora Neale Hurston and her political opinions placed her at odds with important figures during that time which I wholeheartedly believe played a part in the undeniable attraction that most people have towards her works. Being that Hurston was such a unique writer, to understand the ethics and themes of her and how she contributed to African American literature comes with an understanding of the background and childhood she had. In some of Hurston’s works she acknowledges Eatonville, which was the first all-black community in America that she moved to when she was only three years old (Kimmons, 3). Hurston viewed Eatonville as a place where blacks could ultimately be themselves without having to conform to the norms of a white society (Kimmons, 1). Hurston was protected from the realisms of judgement and disgust towards African Americans; since Eatonville was described to be somewhat safe from lynchings and other violence related to racism. AfterShow MoreRelatedSummary report of Sweat by Zora Neale Hurston1597 Words   |  7 PagesSummary Report: Sweat Vital Statistics Author: Zora Neale Hurston Title: Sweat Published date: 1926 Main Characters Delia: A hard working, washerwoman and wife that is abused by her husband. She is portrayed as the protagonist. Sykes: A lazy, stay-at-home husband who is abusive to his wife and has a mistress name Bertha. He is portrayed as the antagonist. Point of View The story is written in a third person omniscient point of view. Setting of Action The story took place in aRead More The Conveyance of Emotion in the Writing of Zora Neale Hurston1668 Words   |  7 PagesWriting of Zora Neale Hurston Sharpening Her Oyster Knife: I am not tragically colored. There is no great sorrow dammed up in my soul, nor lurking behind my eyes. I do not mind at all. I do not belong to the sobbing school of Negrohood who hold that nature somehow has given them a lowdown dirty deal and whose feelings are all hurt about it....No, I do not weep at the world -- I am too busy sharpening my oyster knife. ___Zora Neale HurstonRead MoreHow It Feels To Be Colored Me By Zora Neale Hurston825 Words   |  4 PagesHow It Feels to Be Colored Me Author Background Information: Zora Neale Hurston was an African-American folklorist, novelist and anthropologist. She was born in 1891 and lived in the first all-black town in the United States, Eatonville, Florida. Her 1937 novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God and played a vital role in the literacy movement the Harlem Renaissance is what she is best known for. Zora Neale Hurston depicts racism in her writings and has contributed greatly to African-American literatureRead MoreTheir Eyes Were Watching God1019 Words   |  4 PagesZora Neale Hurston’s novel highly praised novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, was once denounced by many critics because it was categorized as a feminist novel. However, through further analyzation, the novel is now viewed simply as a protagonist developing a feminist conscience throughout her marriages. Zora Neale Hurston was born in Natasulga, Alabama on January 7, 1891. Mrs. Hurston was the fifth of eight children to John Hurston, a carpenter and Baptist preacher, and Lucy Potts Hurston, aRead MoreCritique of Oprah Winfreys Film Version of Their Eyes Were Watching God1771 Words   |  8 PagesOprah Winfrey lied on the opposite end of Zora Neale Hurston’s spectrum when she produced her atrocious rendition of Hurston’s stellar novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God. She modified characters and symbols, altered the theme and relationships, and utterly desolated the significance of the title, making it almost unrecognizable to someone who has read the book. Winfrey totally eviscerated Hurston’s unsurpassed novel, extrapolating what she thought important without going in depth in to the trueRead MoreThe Ethics Of Living Jim Crow1508 Words   |  7 Pagescolors, they are races with their own rules and regulations. People of color have been inferior to the white race for centuries. In their own way Zora Neale Hurston shows this concept in her story â€Å"How it feels to be Colored Me† as does Richard Wright in his autobiographical sketch â€Å"The Ethics of Living Jim Crow†. At the beginning of the essay Hurston opens up with the statement that she is colored and that she offers no extenuating circumstances to the fact except that she is the only Negro in theRead MoreMetaphor, Metonymy and Vioce895 Words   |  4 PagesBarbara Johnson’s critique focuses on the metaphoric, metonymic and voice in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston. It focuses on the major character, Janie Crawford’s inner and outer change towards her various relationships. She focuses on the strengths, both vocally and physically, gained after her first slap down by her second husband, Joe Starks. Barbara Johnson focuses on the metaphoric meaning of this transformation which was defined as the substitution based on the resemblanceRead MoreAnalysis Of Sweat By Zora Neale Hurston1482 Words   |  6 PagesStatement of Value â€Å"Sweat† written by Zora Neale Hurston published in 1926 and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman publish 1892 are both short stories. The depths of both stories is about the main characters whom are both females having a situation of their own in their marriages and at the end coming on top of it. What makes these short stories so captivating is Hurston and Gilman’s characters who give the underlying feminist principle vibe. In the long run, they both haveRead MoreAnalysis of the Article Who Shall I Be?1631 Words   |  7 PagesArticles Analysis- Summary and Personal Response Who Shall I Be? An essay by Jennifer Crichton (1996) revolves around the idea that one cannot change although hiding what they were in the past or hiding what they dont like about themselves works. A student remains in a transition mode going through various good or bad experiences looking for that attractive clean slate. The life of high school is difficult as students tend to label other students and these labels may not represent the truthRead MoreJanies Three Marriages in Hurstons There Eyes Were Watching God 1075 Words   |  5 PagesThe book, Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston is about Janie Crawford and her quest for self-independence and real love. She finds herself in three marriages, one she escapes from, and the other two end tragically. And throughout her journey, she learns a lot about love, and herself. Janie’s three marriages were all different, each one brought her in for a different reason, and each one had something different to teach her, sh e was forced into marrying Logan Killicks and hated it.