Marital Rape And Spousal Rape - 1552 Words

Childs 1 Marc Childs Professor Sherene Jensen Sociology 100 16 November 2014 Marital Rape Marital rape, or spousal rape, had been an exceedingly controversial and touchy subject in the United States since the first feminist movement in the 1960s. In this paper, marital rape and spousal rape will be used interchangeably. One of the many challenges in addressing the topic of marital rape, is defining what behaviors should be considered rape. Rape is defined as the unlawful compelling of a person through physical force or duress to have sexual intercourse (Dictionary.com). The legal definition of marital rape, however, differs within the United States. Nevertheless, marital rape can generally be defined as any non-consensual interaction or penetration (vaginal, anal, and/or oral) obtained by force, violence, duress, menace, or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury on the person or another (Cal Pen Code  § 262). Most research having to do with marital rape has included couples who are legally married, separated, divorced or cohabiting with the understanding th at the dynamics of sexual violence in a long-term cohabiting relationship are similar to those of a married couple (Mahoney and Williams, 1998). Currently, there has been no study of marital rape that has included married or cohabiting gay or lesbian couples. The reason there is a lack of representation of gay and lesbian couples on the topic is due to the fact that homosexual marriage hasShow MoreRelatedSpousal Rape Essay964 Words   |  4 Pageshusband rape his wife? I find myself amazed by the number of people who believe that they can’t. It seems, the common mindset is that when a man and woman marry, the woman somehow become the man’s property, for him to do with what he wants, whenever he wants, regardless of her feelings. Well, I disagree completely and feel it is my duty as a past victim of spousal rape, to set the record straight that rape is rape, regardless of marital status just as murder is murder regardless of marital or relationshipRead MoreThe Sex ual Rape Of The United States Through Legislation Regarding Marital Rape1484 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States Through Legislation Regarding Marital Rape Recently, the general topic of rape has been widely discussed through various media platforms. Rape is the act of sexual assault of another person without their consent. With this in mind a prevailing notion is that marital rape does not occur, however, numerous cases have proven otherwise. Initially, husbands were not commonly put on trial for spousal rape. Each state now identifies rape within a marriage as an illegal act, and nearlyRead MoreMarital Rape Is A Serious Form Of Intimate Violence1013 Words   |  5 PagesMarital rape is a very serious form of intimate violence. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the definition for marital rape is defined as, â€Å"sexual intercourse forced on a women by her husband, knowingly against her will.† (Oxford University Press). However, the legal definition varies from state to next; marital rape is commonly defined as unwanted penetration or intercourse (oral, anal, or vaginal) taken by force and/or threat of force when a w ife does not give consent (Roberts and Roberts)Read MoreViolence Against Women Within The Family1252 Words   |  6 PagesViolence against women within the family is an ongoing issue. Marital rape is a very serious form of intimate violence. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the definition for marital rape is defined as, â€Å"sexual intercourse forced on a women by her husband, knowingly against her will.† (Oxford University Press). However, the legal definition varies from state to next; marital rape is commonly defined as unwanted penetration or intercourse (oral, anal, or vaginal) taken by force and/or threatRead MoreMarital Rape And Sexual Rape1177 Words   |  5 PagesMarital rape is rape committed by the person to whom the victim is married. Many decades passed before there was ever a law against marital rape, even today India, along with other countries do not have a law against it. Some people will say marital rape is impossible and others will say it is totally possible and is considered an actual rape. Mandal says, if the legal category of rape implies sex without consent and the legal understanding of marriage entails compulsory sex, then the two will beRead MoreA Controversial Policy For Combat Marital Rape2146 Words   |  9 PagesA Proposed Policy to Combat Marital Rape Marital rape, a rape in which the perpetrator is the victim’s spouse, is an underestimated, underreported reality that effects 10-14% of all women in the U.S (Basile, 2011). Although the U.S. government has made strides in sexual violence laws in the past few years, marital rape policies still have a long way to go. The instance of marital rape should be combatted by the U.S. Federal Government with a multifaceted plan. First, the U.S. federal government shouldRead MoreRape and Sexual Assault1997 Words   |  8 PagesRape and Sexual Assault Rape is a type of sexual assault usually involving sexual intercourse, which is initiated by one or more persons against another person without that person’s consent. The act maybe carried out by force, under threat, or with a person who is incapable with valid consent. The definition of rape varies both in different parts of the world and at different times in history. According to the American Medical Association, sexual violence, and rape in particular, is consideredRead MoreMarital Rape Essay1195 Words   |  5 PagesSociety’s view of rape is that it only occurs at night to women in dark alleys by men they have never seen or met before. In reality there are two types of rape in which the victim knows the attacker. One of these is known as Acquaintance rape and the other being marital rape. All forms of rape have long term impacts on the victims, for a victim of acquaintance rape they can feel especially shameful if the attacker was a relative or superior at school or work. For victims of marital rape the assaultsRead MoreSexual Crimes Against The Conundrum Of Marital Rape2329 Words   |  10 Pagesbeen submitted by Nitin Nair Roll no: 212139 On Women and Criminal Law Topic: Sexual Crimes against Women- The Conundrum of Marital Rape During the Monsoon Semester 2014-2015 Introduction The word â€Å"rape† is derived from the word raptus, which means to seize. It is the act of forced non-consensual sexual intercourse with a woman by coercion, fear or fraud. Rape usually include three separate factors, these factors include forced vaginal penetration, threat of violence or violence by theRead More The Degradation of Wives in the Victorian Period Essay2488 Words   |  10 Pagespermitted to refuse conjugal duties. She was believed to be asexual: â€Å"The majority of women, happily for them, are not much troubled with sexual feeling of any kind† (Woloch 128). The inference is, if the husband did not demand the fulfillment of his marital rights, sex would not exist in marriage. Sexual relations within Victorian marriage were unilaterally based on men and male needs. Neither a woman’s desire, nor her consent was at issue. The ideal Victorian woman was pious, pure, and above all submissive

Social Status in Shakespeares Plays Essay examples

In Shakespeares time, the English lived with a strong sense of social class -- of belonging to a particular group because of occupation, wealth, and ancestry. Elizabethan Society had a very strict social code at the time that Shakespeare was writing his plays. Social class could determine all sorts of things, from what a person could wear to where he could live to what jobs his children could get. Some families moved from one class to another, but most people were born into a particular class and stayed there. There was a chance of being granted a title by the crown. This was uncommon at the time and a relatively new thing for Europe where ancestry always defined nobility. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Shakespeare’s plays show the†¦show more content†¦This then intensifies the conflicts between siblings, older and younger brother. This also shows the major division in society between the landed and the unlanded, also known as the gentry and the commoners. I also believe that primogeniture complicates not only sibling rivalry, but the relationships between father and sons. The eldest son is impatient to get his rightful inheritance, while the younger sons are resentful that they are receiving nothing from their fathers. Shakespeare’s plays are loaded with subjects, sons and younger brothers who are undecided as to how they should feel about their role in life. They are bound to the people that are better than them on a socio-economic level, but resent the fact. This play gave people a chance to see someone that had sunk in social class get a chance to rise up, which never really happened during this time. Shakespeare used this ploy to really captivate his audience’s attention, while also I believe making fun of society as it was. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The working class in, Alls Well That Ends Well, and the second born son of, As You Like It, isn’t very different. The second born sons are sent off to schools to become apprentices, clergymen, or merchants in the working class. The second born sons aren’t viewed with the same amount of disdain because they are still of noble birth, but they are left to do the same jobs as the people bornShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1155 Words   |  5 Pagesbased on gender and social status. William Shakespeare reinforces these ideas in his play Twelfth Night, which introduces many meaningful messages about situations that still occur in society today. He clearly develops important themes worthy of analysis. A few of these strong themes are about stereotypes and society’s expectations and rules, which he proves to be irrelevant most of the time. Many situations in the play falsify commonly held stereotypes about gender and social st atus by showing how theyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night Essay1329 Words   |  6 Pagesfilled with unhappiness and regret. Shakespeare’s famous play Twelfth Night shows us the harmful effects of superficiality and self-love. Many of the characters in the play have these two bad qualities and suffer a great deal because of them. In this paper, I will be analyzing how the suffering in the play is caused by the characters’ superficiality and self-love. I will begin by examining the superficiality and self –love of the society in the play. Then I will look at how this superficiality is manifestedRead MoreThe Greatest And Most Tragic Of Shakespeare s King Lear1043 Words   |  5 PagesKing Lear, written by William Shakespeare, has been known as the greatest, and most tragic, of Shakespeare’s plays. Social status plays a major role in the development of the play and even in Elizabethan/Jacobean England. King Lear could have been described as vain and foolish, a pathetic old man, incapable of controlling emotions, and rash in judgement. However, since he was established as King, people looked up to him regardless of his mental state. This is why as he grew older, he became insistentRead MoreThemes Of Social Mobility Through Marriage1655 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper critically analyses the theme of social mobility through marriage in Shakespeare’s play ‘Twelfth Night’. In addition, the paper highlights how different characters in the play got into higher social classes or desired to be in higher social classes through marriage. This paper holds that in a highly stratified society such as that presented in the Shakespeare’s play; marriage plays a significant role in in social class mobility. As opposed to some traditional society where marriage wasRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew1132 Words   |  5 Pagesand explore the strong parallels between them. Shakespeare’s play â€Å"The Taming o f the Shrew† (1590-1592) was composed during the Elizabethan era in contrast to Gil Junger’s â€Å"10 Things I Hate About You† (1999) set around 1990s America. Although the diverse time periods their correlating plots are indicators of appropriation and pronounce an intertextual relationship. Both of these texts explore universal themes of gender roles and social hierarchy. Gender and roles is a prominent parallel throughoutRead MoreThe Status And Perception Of Women928 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature Review Draft 2 For centuries, the status and perception of women has been a disputed and controversial subject. Due to precarious political or social standings, even women in power were subject to the judgement and power of men. When considering the portrayal of exceptional women throughout history, rarely has a woman been able to fully embrace the stage without reservations. An analysis of research texts and journal articles reveals and connects the way that a queen of ancient timesRead MoreSocial Class In Twelfth Night Essay875 Words   |  4 PagesSociety relies on the concept of social class to categorize the population into ranked groups based on wealth and status. This idea of social class distinction remains a common theme throughout Shakespeares plays. Shakespearean era society possessed a structured hierarchy of social class, based largely on wealth and nobility. This system influenced social interactions among the population and often guided marriage arrangements. Shakespeare’s commentary on social class, in his comedy Twelfth NightRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream1532 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout his works Shakespeare breaks social conventions and hierarchy. He wrote in a time where unmarried people (women especially) were expected to remain chaste. Yet in, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, the focus of the play is largely on that of sexual desire. In the Athenian social structure men were the obvious power-holders, but Shakespeare illustrates how a woman’s sexuality can be a source of power over the men who desire them. In this historical context virginity is a desirable trait, losingRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And The English Language1649 Words   |  7 PagesPoet, playwright, actor and dramatist, William Shakespeare is one of the most influential and greatest writers up to this day in poetry and the English language. Known, for his many acclaimed works such as his famous plays, â€Å"Othello,† â€Å"King Lear,â₠¬  and â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† etc. More than four hundred years have passed and William Shakespeare’s work still alive as if it was during the early ages of Shakespeare work. Shakespeare influenced ranges from literature, theater, films and even the English languageRead MoreGifted Mr Ripley And Othello1180 Words   |  5 PagesMinghellas film, The Talented Mr Ripley in the 1950s, creates parallels with William Shakespeare, Othello in Elizabethan era through the similar attitudes present within society. Both Shakespeare and Minghella, inform the audience that perception of discrimination and prejudice arise from desiring social class, as well the emotions of jealousy compelling insecurities and overreactions. The reverence for social hierarchy fuels the desire for a greater reputation, perpetuating discrimination and

Scientific Management and Dynamism

Question: Discuss about theScientific Management and Dynamism. Answer: Introduction The assignment is based on two videos, one based on a story of the story from Ford Motor Company and the second based on an oration by Yves Morieux, the Senior Partner and Managing Director. The first video was about the difference between the modus operandi at Vulcan Motors in the United Kingdom and the Ford Motor Company in the United States. Morieux in the second video speaks about use of strategies to satisfy the structures of the companies. The managing director further states how a inflexible hierarchy makes decision making tough and looses out on business opportunities. The two sections are divided into two parts, the first is the summary while the second is the application of the theory through questions. Elearning Activities: Fordism and Taylorism The video Ford and Taylor scientific management states with an introduction of Vulcan Motor Company Limited in Britain. The labourers in the company manufactured cares using slow and backdated processes which took weeks to build one car. The cars were very expensive and could only be afforded by the rich. Hence, the slow management of automobile manufacturing created expensive cars which acted as symbols of economic boundaries in the erstwhile British society (Vulcanmotors.boschauto.co.uk 2017). Henry Ford, the owner and founder of the Ford Motor Company situated in the states introduced scientific management after the theory of Fredrick Taylor. Ford, after his belief in integrating the assembly plants to manufacture cars, introduced assembly line manufacturing process (Ford Corporate 2017). He strongly avoided intervention and interference of trade unions. The scientific management of production gradually increased the efficiencies of the employees. Henry Ford motivated his employee s by paying them good salaries which resulted in low employee turnover and smooth production. Henry Fords manufacturing process became so successful that it spread into European countries like Germany and became basis of systems like Diversified Quality Production or DQP. The adoption of Taylorism by Ford in his factory and its revolutionary impact on the automobile industry was reiterated by David Moore, a worker at Ford Foundry (Sorge and Streeck 2016). The labourers in America, Europe and Australia should accept and adopt the method of scientific management in their operations. Today every organisation is under challenge from other companies to produce goods and services at affordable prices. There are thousands of small and middle level companies in these three continents who follow long production processes which add to the costs of their goods. These companies should adopt Taylorism and Fordism to make their production processes more scientific and faster. This will lower the cost of production which will allow these companies to offer products at lower prices to gain competitive advantage (Archibugi 2017). Taylorsim finds application in the call centres all round the globe. The scripts are the hard copies of the electronic systems of questions based on the needs of the customers. The tele callers use the telephone or computer lines to speak to the consumers, thus, the process is controlled in sequential and scientific manner. Thus, Taylorism find use in the call centred where the calls are distributed to the callers and controlled automatically. The story of Taylorism appears to be very old and does not seem to be in use today. This may be true for multinational organisations that have their own business models to drive their business. There are several small and medium sector companies which need to revolutionise their production processes in order to sustain in the market and lower their production cost. Such small companies can adopt Taylors scientific management to modernise their production process and lower their production costs. This will help them to lower their costs and sell their products to more number of consumers and sustain in the market. Structure and Strategy Yves Morieux in the video Organization Design: BCG's Yves Morieux on organization and competitive advantage tells that organisation has become the centre of competitive advantage and strategies have the expression of the behaviour of the workforce. He says that a dynamic and growing organisation makes strategies according to the organisational structure and tries to increase the intelligence and competencies of its people. An organisation in trouble tries to suit the organisation according to its strategies. Morieux also points out that this inability to suit strategies to organisational structure is created due to complex and confusing layers of bureaucracy. He points out that bureaucracy was created to give equitable importance to the various to the various positions. The orator then goes on to say that the quick market movements require the organisations to make quick decisions to take advantage of them. A tall and complex decision making mechanism makes decision making extremely complex and stringent which leads organisations into trouble. The organisations and their people follow this complex bureaucratic format to take decisions because they think it necessary to have it to arrive a appropriate decisions. The challenge faced by organisations, according to the speaker is to apply and execute a correct decision after conceiving it. He signs off by saying that strategies are activities which organisations make today to live and sustain in the future (Belleflamme and Peitz 2015). Morieux in his speech says that structure follows strategy which is applicable only for strong and dynamic organisations and not for weak organisations lost in the vicious circle of bureaucracy. Yves Morieux, the Senior Partner and Managing Director, BCG tells that in dynamic organisations the strategies are moulded into the structure of the organisation (bcg.com 2017). He says that strong and powerful organisations make strategies according to their structures and business needs. For example, multinational companies make strategies befitting their international positions to take advantage of the market opportunities. These organisations are never caught in the bureaucracy and are in fact working towards making their decision making mechanism simpler and faster. Organisations who are caught in the maze of authorities and positions take a long time to take decisions and hence fail to capitalise on market opportunities. He says that strategies are succeeded and absorbed by the structur e of the organisation but the reverse happens for weak organisations. Their structures are forced to adjust to their strategies and their stringent decision making cycle. These organisations do not make strategies according to the market and hence fail to capitalise on it. Their models are not fit for the future and they tend to drift towards the end of their lifecycle. The dynamic organisations as opposed to these less dynamic ones, make strategies to suit their dynamic structure to capitalise on the present scopes and sustain in the future (Grant 2016). Conclusion: Fordism and Taylorism brought about revolution in the automobile manufacturing in the Ford Motor Company which later spread to the entire world. He showed that scientific management of production process can reduce cost of production, increase productivity and empower human resources. The second video showed that strategies adopted according to the structures of the organisations are keys to their success. Morieaux again showed that the power and dynamism of the apex human resource (management) is crucial for the success of the companies. Thus, it can be summarised from the two videos that success of companies are dependent heavily on the competencies and decision making power of the human resources, be it top executives or subordinates. References: Archibugi, D., 2017. Blade Runner economics: Will innovation lead the economic recovery?.Research Policy,46(3), pp.535-543. Ford Corporate. 2017. Home. [online] Available at: https://corporate.ford.com/homepage.html [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. https://www.bcg.com. 2017. Yves Morieux. [online] Available at: https://www.bcg.com/people/experts/yves-morieux.aspx [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. Sorge, A. and Streeck, W., 2016.Diversified quality production revisited the transformation of production systems and regulatory regimes in Germany(No. 16/13). MPIfG Discussion Paper. Vulcanmotors.boschauto.co.uk. 2017. WELCOME - Vulcan Motors. [online] Available at: https://vulcanmotors.boschauto.co.uk/ [Accessed 26 Apr. 2017]. YouTube. 2017. Ford and Taylor Scientific Management (Edited). [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8PdmNbqtDdI [Accessed 28 Apr. 2017]. YouTube. 2017. Organization Design: BCG's Yves Morieux on organization and competitive advantage. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jm7d1dzOKmw [Accessed 28 Apr. 2017].

The Detrimental Effects in Changing the Rent Contr Essay Example For Students

The Detrimental Effects in Changing the Rent Contr Essay ol ActIn a just society, the ruling authority must decide what is right when allocating wealth to its individual citizens. The same ruling authority does this by intervening with the inner workings of a marketplace to uphold its fundamental values and ideals. The aim of government intervention is to create a just society that will reflect the peoples values. Governing bodies do this by establishing laws that enforce fairness or equity. The Ontario government passed the Rent Control Act in 1975. The law levels the playing field between landlords and tenants. New units are exempt from controls for their first five years after which the controls are put into place. The controls put a ceiling on annual rent increases. Under current law, a landlord may only increase a tenants rent by 2% plus inflation.1 As with all other markets, the housing market is based on supply and demand. If the nature of the market were allowed to take its course, then the price of housing would become unaffordabl e for most citizens. An unfair situation would be created where power and money would be disproportionately appropriated to land owners. Rent control laws were established by previous governments to protect society and its people from inflated and uncontrollable housing costs. The Harris government now wants to repeal these laws. On June 25 the Minister of Housing, Al Leach, released a policy paper outlining the changes that are to be made to Ontarios rent laws. Conservative legislators plan to pass the proposed Tenant Protection Act in the fall. The omnibus legislation will rescind the Rent Control Act, the Landlord and Tenant Act, the Rental Housing Protection Act, Residents Rights Act, the Land Lease Statute Amendment Act, the Vital Services Act.2 The most objectionable change allows the act to lift controls off vacant units. The 3.2 million renters in Ontario are very concerned about the changes.3 The housing ministry will accept written submissions from the public until August 30. Public hearings are also planned in hope that they will ease the transition. However, most people are indignant towards the idea. Changing the rent control laws would be detrimental to society as they threaten citizens positive right to affordable housing, harm their mobility rights and increase the gap between the rich and the poor. We will write a custom essay on The Detrimental Effects in Changing the Rent Contr specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Cryogenics Definition and Uses

Cryogenics Definition and Uses Cryogenics is defined as the scientific study of materials and their behavior at extremely low temperatures. The word comes from the Greek cryo, which means cold, and genic, which means producing. The term is usually encountered in the context of physics, materials science, and  medicine. A scientists who studies cryogenics is called a cryogenicist. A cryogenic material may be termed a cryogen. Although cold temperatures may be reported using any temperature scale, the Kelvin and Rankine scales are most common because they are absolute scales that have positive numbers. Exactly how cold a substance has to be to be considered cryogenic is a matter of some debate by the scientific community. The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) considers cryogenics to include temperatures below  Ã¢Ë†â€™180  °C (93.15 K; −292.00  °F), which is a temperature above which common refrigerants (e.g., hydrogen sulfide, freon) are gases and below which permanent gases (e.g., air, nitrogen, oxygen, neon, hydrogen, helium) are liquids. There is also a field of study called high temperature cryogenics, which involves temperatures above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen at ordinary pressure (−195.79  °C (77.36 K; −320.42  °F), up to −50  °C (223.15 K; −58.00  °F). Measuring the temperature of cryogens requires special sensors. Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are used to take temperature measurements as low as 30 K. Below 30 K, silicon diodes are often used. Cryogenic particle detectors are sensors that operate a few degrees above absolute zero and are used to detect photons and elementary particles. Cryogenic liquids are typically stored in devices called Dewar flasks. These are double-walled containers that have a vacuum between the walls for insulation. Dewar flasks intended for use with extremely cold liquids (e.g., liquid helium) have an additional insulating container filled with liquid nitrogen. Dewar flasks are named for their inventor, James Dewar. The flasks allow gas to escape the container to prevent pressure buildup from boiling that could lead to an explosion. Cryogenic Fluids The following fluids are most often used in cryogenics: Fluid Boiling Point (K) Helium-3 3.19 Helium-4 4.214 Hydrogen 20.27 Neon 27.09 Nitrogen 77.36 Air 78.8 Fluorine 85.24 Argon 87.24 Oxygen 90.18 Methane 111.7 Uses of Cryogenics There are several applications of cryogenics. It is used to produce cryogenic fuels for rockets, including liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen (LOX). The strong electromagnetic fields needed for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are usually produced by supercooling electromagnets with cryogens. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an application of NMR that uses liquid helium. Infrared cameras frequently require cryogenic cooling. Cryogenic freezing of food is used to transport or store large quantities of food. Liquid nitrogen is used to produce fog for special effects and even specialty cocktails and food. Freezing materials using cryogens can make them brittle enough to be broken into small pieces for recycling. Cryogenic temperatures are used to store tissue and blood specimens and to preserve experimental samples. Cryogenic cooling of superconductors may be used to increase electric power transmission for big cities. Cryogenic processing is used as part of some alloy treatments and to facilitate low temperature chemical reactions (e.g., to make statin drugs). Cryomilling is used to mill materials that may be too soft or elastic to be milled at ordinary temperatures. Cooling of molecules (down to hundreds of nano Kelvins) may be used to form exotic states of matter. The Cold Atom Laboratory (CAL) is an instrument designed for use in microgravity to form Bose Einstein condensates (around 1 pico Kelvin temperature) and test laws of quantum mechanics and other physics principles. Cryogenic Disciplines Cryogenics is a broad field that encompasses several disciplines, including: Cryonics - Cryonics is the cryopreservation of animals and humans with the goal of reviving them in the future. Cryosurgery - This is a branch of surgery in which cryogenic temperatures are used to kill unwanted or malignant tissues, such as cancer cells or moles. Cryoelectronics - This is the study of superconductivity, variable-range hopping, and other electronic phenomena at low temperature. The practical application of cryoelectronics is called cryotronics. Cryobiology - This is the study of the effects of low temperatures on organisms, including the preservation of organisms, tissue, and genetic material using cryopreservation. Cryogenics Fun Fact While cryogenics usually involves temperature below the freezing point of liquid nitrogen yet above that of absolute zero, researchers have achieved temperatures below absolute zero (so-called negative Kelvin temperatures). In 2013 Ulrich Schneider at the University of Munich (Germany) cooled gas below absolute zero, which reportedly made it hotter instead of colder! Sources Braun, S., Ronzheimer, J. P., Schreiber, M., Hodgman, S. S., Rom, T., Bloch, I., Schneider, U. (2013) Negative Absolute Temperature for Motional Degrees of Freedom.  Science  339,  52–55.Gantz, Carroll (2015). Refrigeration: A History. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland Company, Inc. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-7864-7687-9.  Nash, J. M.  (1991) Vortex Expansion Devices for High Temperature Cryogenics. Proc. of the 26th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Vol. 4, pp. 521–525.

Plot and Themes of J.R.R. Tolkiens Book The Hobbit

Plot and Themes of J.R.R. Tolkien's Book 'The Hobbit' The Hobbit: Or, There and Back Again was written by J.R.R. Tolkien as a childrens book and first published in Great Britain in 1937 by George Allen Unwin. It was published just before the outbreak of WWII in Europe, and the book acts as a prologue of sorts for the great trilogy, The Lord of the Rings. While it was originally conceived as a book for children, it has been accepted as a great work of literature in its own right. While The Hobbit was by no means the first fantasy novel, it was among the first to combine influences from multiple sources. Elements of the book draw from Norse mythology, classic fairy tales, Jewish literature, and the works of 19th century Victorian childrens authors such as George MacDonald (author The Princess and the Goblin, among others). The book also experiments with a variety of literary techniques including forms of epic poetry and song. Setting The novel takes place in the fictional land of Middle Earth, a complex fantasy world which Tolkien developed in detail. The book contains carefully drawn maps showing various parts of Middle Earth including the peaceful and fertile Shire, the Mines of Moria, the Lonely Mountain, and Mirkwood Forest. Each area of Middle Earth has its own history, characters, qualities, and significance. Main Characters The characters in The Hobbit include a wide range of fantasy creatures, most drawn from classical fairy tales and mythology. The hobbits themselves, however, are Tolkiens own creation. Small, home-loving people, hobbits are also called halflings. They are very similar to small human beings except for their very large feet. Some of the main characters in the book include: Bilbo Baggins, a quiet, unassuming Hobbit and the protagonist of the story.Gandalf, a wizard who initiates Bilbo’s journey with the dwarves. Gandalf causes Bilbo to set aside his reputation for cautious respectability and go on an adventure that will change the hobbit forever.Thorin Oakenshield, the leader of a group of 13 dwarves who wish to recover a treasure horde stolen by a dragon.Elrond, a wise leader of the elves.Gollum, a once-human creature who found and is governed by a great ring of power.Smaug, the dragon and antagonist of the story. Plot and Storyline The story of The Hobbit begins in the Shire, land of the hobbits. The Shire is similar to a pastoral English countryside, and the hobbits are represented as quiet, agricultural people who shun adventure and travel. Bilbo Baggins, the protagonist of the story, is surprised to find himself hosting a group of dwarves and the great wizard, Gandalf. The group has decided that now is the right time to journey to the Lonely Mountain, where they will retake the dwarves treasure from the dragon, Smaug. They have nominated Bilbo to join the expedition as their burglar. Though initially reluctant, Bilbo agrees to join the group, and they head off far from the Shire into the increasingly dangerous sections of Middle Earth. Along the journey, Bilbo and his company meet up with a wide range of creatures both beautiful and terrible. As he is tested, Bilbo discovers his own inner strength, loyalty, and cunning. Each chapter involves an interaction with a new set of characters and challenges: The group is captured by trolls and nearly eaten, but are saved when sunlight strikes the trolls and they are turned to stone.Gandalf leads the group to the Elven settlement of Rivendell where they meet the Elvish leader, Elrond.The group is caught by goblins and driven deep underground. Although Gandalf rescues them, Bilbo gets separated from the others as they flee the goblins. Lost in the goblin tunnels, he stumbles across a mysterious ring and then encounters Gollum, who engages him in a game of riddles. As a reward for solving all riddles Gollum will show him the path out of the tunnels, but if Bilbo fails, his life will be forfeit. With the help of the ring, which confers invisibility, Bilbo escapes and rejoins the dwarves, improving his reputation with them. The goblins and Wargs give chase, but the company is saved by eagles.The company enters the black forest of Mirkwood without Gandalf. In Mirkwood, Bilbo first saves the dwarves from giant spiders and then from the dungeons of the Wood-elves. Nearing the Lonely Mountain, the travelers are welcomed by the human inhabitants of Lake-town, who hope the dwarves will fulfill prophecies of Smaugs demise. The expedition travels to the Lonely Mountain and finds the secret door; Bilbo scouts the dragons lair, stealing a great cup and learning of a weakness in Smaugs armor. The enraged dragon, deducing that Lake-town has aided the intruder, sets out to destroy the town. A thrush has overheard Bilbos report of Smaugs vulnerability and reports it to Lake-town defender Bard. His arrow finds the chink and slays the dragon.When the dwarves take possession of the mountain, Bilbo finds the Arkenstone, an heirloom of Thorins dynasty, and hides it away. The Wood-elves and Lake-men besiege the mountain and request compensation for their aid, reparations for Lake-towns destruction, and settlement of old claims on the treasure. Thorin refuses and, having summoned his kin from the Iron Hills, reinforces his position. Bilbo tries to ransom the Arkenstone to head off a war, but Thorin is intransigent. He banishes Bilbo, and battle seems inevitable.Gandalf reappears to warn all of an approaching army of goblins and Wargs. The dwarves, men, and elves band together, but only with the timely arrival of the eagles and Beorn do they win the climactic Battle of Five Armies. Thorin is fatally wounded and reconciles with Bilbo before he dies. Bilbo accepts only a small portion of his share of the treasure, having no want or need for more, but still returns home a very wealthy hobbit. Themes The Hobbit is a simple tale when compared to Tolkiens masterpiece  The Lord of the Rings. It does, however, contain several themes: It explores the process by which an untested individual develops the insight and skills to become a leader;It guides the reader to question the value of wealth as opposed to peace and contentment;It builds on Tolkiens personal experience in World War I to consider the question of whether victory, though desirable, is worth the price of war.

Cultural diversity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cultural diversity - Research Paper Example Whether in an organization or in a classroom, cultural diversity, if managed correctly, can bring cohesion, harmonious and synergistic efforts that would bring the highest productivity of performance , from ‘optimum’ to maximum, in achieving set goal(s). On account of the presence of cross-national perspective in a classroom, a recent research conducted by Konan, Paul N’Dri; Chatard, Armand; Selimbegovic, Leila; Mugny, Gabriel on Cultural diversity in the classroom and its effects on academic performance: A cross-national perspective indicated that the presence of immigrants in the classroom resulted to performance benefits for both locals and immigrant students (Konan, et.al, 2010). This is indicative that a class with diversified culture, talents, skills, interests of students must be ready with flexible learning tools and strategies that would address the different responsiveness and performance of each student without compromising the overall impact of learnin g of the whole class. REFERENCES Bhatia, (2007) Shruti. Diversity Management -The Challenges And Opportunities. Retrieved from   http://www.slideshare.net/shruti27bhatia/diversity-management-the-challenges-and-opportunities-presentation Cultural Diversity (n.d.) In Business Dictionary.